INTRODUCTION:

Aging is the process by which older individuals become a proportionately larger part of the population. Initially experienced over the past half century by the most developed countries, population aging is now a near universal process caused by decline in fertility and to a lesser extent increases in life expectancy. Old age is known to be a period of decline in the physical life of an individual believed to be among the unhappy population of all groups. Though it’s a primarily physiological phenomenon, gets reflected in an individual economic, psychological, social which even affects these aspects too.

The old age is characterized by a sense of hopelessness towards the world, a sense of loss shadowed by loneliness, lack of care, respect for self and others. Indian with its hoary philosophical traditions and cultural practices of respect for old age may reveal a totally different set of constituents that contribute to happy aging. Happy aging is characterized by satisfaction with one’s present life and a psychological state of happiness and content with existing condition.

The last stage of the life span is becoming older, craves for family living, would prefer to live with partner, grownups, grand children in multigenerational homes. But fast changing living style and in the professional mobility the old are very often left to fed themselves. The contemporary alternatives to joint family living such as old age homes are most on the rise. “Old Age Homes against Our Culture” reads one representative newspaper headline (The Hindu Staff Reporter, 2004). The elderly these days do not have even their children to talk to, leading lonely lives fraught with anguish”. There has been continuous increase in the number of old age homes, now number near one thousand across India’s urban centres, most of them having been established over just the past one to fifteen years. Although many older Indians, such as retired Psychiatrist Dr. Ranjan Banerjee, do roundly condemn the arrival of old age homes in India and the waning of joint family living.

‘International research for the last few years has been focusing on making life’s last stage pleasant and satisfying. Some of these contemporary studies have shown that there are cultural contributants that determine our attitude to life and meaning in life particularly in old age’ (Netting, 1986; Yee, 1986; Ramamurthi 1987). In this regard, few of the studies have lighten up the experiences of elderly towards life in the last stage. To begin with Sharma, 1971 investigated the pattern of happiness and unhappiness among retired persons and their life activities. Chadha 1989 in his study observed that older persons in non-institutionalised setting were better on psychological well being and less depressed as compared to older persons in institutional setting. Aggarwal and Chadha 1990, also reported that older women rated high on hopelessness and were less satisfied with life as against men. Yet in another research study these researchers observed that (a) the size of social support network is stronger for the married as compared to the widow counterparts, b) friendship support is one of the most important factors linked with positive changes among both men and women and two third of network consisted of family members.

Owing to the changes brought about in our society due to modernization and industrialization, the joint family system has broken into nuclear family system which is more economical and practical. The aged are isolated unit (Chadha, Aggarwal, and Mangla, 2009). Very often they are tend to be neglected, thrown out or shifted to institutional care forcefully, though they eager to be part of family. Once they are forced to stay in the alternative care, inspite of having family members, what could be their life style? How to cope up with changing environment, people, accommodation during their stay….! However the present study would throw light on the socio-recreational activities of elderly in the institutional care. It is assumed that new place of stay would give them new light to their life on the one hand, peer group their life stories, behaviour, life style may entrust each other leading to growth of bonding among them on the other, forming new family life with similar age group or same generation.

History and Legacy of Old Age Home:

Christian Organization “The Little Sisters of the Poor” was primarily the founders of the elderly homes in India. The Little Sister’s of the Poor, a Roman Catholic religious Order for Women, was instituted in the mid 19^th Century to care for the impoverished elderly lining the Streets of France. The Organization gradually expanded to establish old age home for the poor in 31 Countries, opening its first Indian old age home in Kolkata in 1882. The old age home in Mysuru had established during 1971. Since then the Sister’s have been striving for the care and well being of elderly who were initially part of productive society have been thrown out from their own family. The old age homes have been considered as savior where these elderly are in the hands of safe and secured place rather than in abusive and harassment environment, spending their valuable time in peace.

Admission to old age homes is often refused by elderly. There are stipulated criteria’s for admission to these homes. Soon after the admission, accommodation in such homes can come in the form of single, double or dormitory style rooms, in some cases husband and wife can opt to live together. The residents come in a form of wide range of family situations such as childless, who have only daughters, children are all abroad, and other have sons and daughters – in – law living right nearby but unable to look after them. It is significant to note that most Indians feel it strongly inappropriate to live in a married daughter’s home, although such attitudes are changing somewhat due to various factors, probably the most significant being that more daughters are earning their own incomes. There are cases who live apart from offspring too.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Aim:

The aim is to study the Socio-recreational aspects of Elderly in the old age home.

Objectives:

1. To know the socio demographic details of the respondents.

2. To understand the social aspects of the elderly.

3. To find out the recreational aspects of the older persons.

4. To suggest measures to bring healthy stay in the institution.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The study adopted descriptive research design to bring out the socio-recreational aspects of the elderly in old age home. Orodho (2009; 2012) notes that descriptive study designs are used in preliminary and exploratory studies so as to allow the researcher to gather information, summarize, present and interpret the study for the purpose of clarification. Mugendra and Mugendra (2003), it’s the best method available to social scientists interested in collecting, original data to be used in describing a population that is large to observe directly. The study was conducted in Old Age Home namely Little Sister’s of Poor in Mysuru city is oldest, well maintained and run by the Christian Private Institution. The home caters to the needs of elderly who are destitute/in need of shelter. The total number of inmates during the period of interview was around 55, keep varying. No inmates were forced to attend the interview. Five out of 55 had not turned towards interview. However, the researcher successfully completed 50 individual and couple interviews for both the gender. Simple random sampling method has been adopted to gather the data through self structured interview schedule. Descriptive research design has been chosen to describe the aspects of social and recreational aspects of elderly residing in Home for the Aged. Individual interviews were done to collect the data from the respondents through schedule, consists of socio-demographic data and details related to social and recreational aspects of elderly were prepared to gather data from elderly.

Table 1 Demographic Details:

Demographic Details		N=50 (Percent)
Gender	Female	18 (36)
Gender	Male	32 (64)
Age (in yrs)	52-60	8 (16)
	61-70	16 (32)
	71-80	19 (38)
	81-90	7 (14)
Domicile	Rural	4 (8)
Domicile	Urban	46 (92)
Type of family	Nuclear family	44(88)
Type of family	Extended family	6 (12)
Education	Primary	16 (32)
	Upper Primary	7 (14)
	Higher Primary	20 (40)
	PUC	2 (4)
	Never been to school	5 (10)

It seems in the table 1, male inmates were found to be separated more, compared to female counterparts which is in consistent with the result that 64% were male respondents and 36% inmates were females. As the age increases the tendency of throwing out of the family also seen high in the table i.e., 38% were between 71 to 80 yrs of age group and most of them hailed from urban (92%) areas, falling from nuclear family (88%). With regard to education 40% respondents studied up to higher primary education.

Graph 1 and 2 Details on Marital Status and Year of Admission

In the graph 1, shows that a majority of 78% respondents were married and the remaining 22% were unmarried. With regard to year of admission the graph 2 depicts that as much as 74% respondents were admitted to the home between the year 2013-18 and very few of 26% older adults got admission to the institution between the year 2007-12. This result indicates that during the last five years, the number of respondents admission to the institution is on augment.

Graph 3 and 4 Previous Employment and Referrals

It is evident in the graph 3, as many as 28% respondents were self employed and others were also employed in one or other works. On the other hand, 18% of them were non employed, since they were physically handicapped, drunkards, undergone paralysis cases. The other graph 4 displays referrals, meaning persons referred these respondents to the home. As much as 46% respondents own family members brought the respondents to alternative home, 28% Church Priest gave referrals, 24% friends and the remaining two percent respondents were referred by auto drivers.

Table 2 Social Aspects

Social Aspects		N =50 (Percent)
Live together	No	42 (84)
Live together	Yes	8 (16)
Mode of Happiness drawn	Interact with inmates	24(48)
	Prayer	15(30)
	Being alone	4 (8)
	Engage in work	4(8)
	Stitching	3(6)
Place liked the most	Prayer hall	31(62)
	Room	15 (30)
	Both	4 (8)
Preferred food	All	28 (56)
	Rice items	18 (36)
	Non-veg.	4(8)
Pre-requisites for better physical health	Control Diet	25(50)
	Do Exercise	13(26)
	Hard Work	8(16)
	Do not follow bad habits	2(4)
	Do prayer	2(4)
Skills you have	Cooking	26 (52)
	Crafts making	9(18)
	Writing journals	8(16)
	Painting	4(8)
	Novel reading	3(6)
Message to youngsters	Study well and look after your parents	20 (40)
	Work hard and explore life	15(30)
	Don’t hate others and be truthful	8(16)
	Don’t get married and take care of your parents	7 (14)

The table 2 reflects on the social aspects of elderly in old age home. In the study very few couples i.e., 16% respondents live in the home due to reasons like their own children abandoned them, could not get along with in law, hold no property to live, children shifted to abroad, ill health among elderly were some of the reasons forced them to land in old age home. The remaining 84% respondents live alone in the home as they were thrown out, because they were affected with paralysis, physically handicapped, drunkards, had property clash with children, few of them were unmarried hence did not had caretaker, desertion were few of the reasons for being in old age home. Old age home is completely a different place where older adults have to make arrangements to settle down with same aged group to live in and spend rest of their life with them. Many elderly i.e., 48% feel happy when they interact with inmates, listen to their stories, go back to their previous life experiences both happy and scary stories, get along with them feel relaxed which makes them feel happy, for others i.e., 30% older adults felt that if they does prayer in a calm and cool place i.e., in prayer hall would feel happy, as they could talk to holy god and share their feelings with it, rather other mates. Further eight percent each respondents said that being alone would bring them happiness, as they seems to be emotionally sensitive, previous life experiences had made them worry a lot, even they mentioned that sharing could only yield negative results as their fellow mates made an offensive comments on life experiences, were the reasons for being alone and another eight percent mentioned that engage in work would make them happy. As these respondents were very much active in engaging in one or the other work in the old age home and even they would volunteer in all other activities such as cooking, washing, folding clothes, cleaning, gardening, serving food etc. The remaining six percent respondents engaged themselves in stitching as they are well trained tailors. The older adults have utilized the premises which is calm and cool in nature. Most of the older respondents prefer to spend time in prayer hall, followed by in their respective rooms and few of them said to be in both. With regard to eateries, most of them fond of all the food items served in the home, as these food items were prepared with love, served with care, well maintained hygiene tend to be healthy with well nourished food. The elderly also conscious about their health is concerned. They do not sit lazy rather they would use free time to render their services to the institution in different manner. To have a better health at last stage of human life they have not only suggested but also follow controlled diet, undergo exercise, physical hard work, keeping away bad habits and do prayer in which they believe in maintenance of health. Further few of the respondents have also had certain skills before they join, and they even continued their skills to keep themselves busy in free time. As much as 52% respondents volunteer in cooking, where as 18% expertise in craft making, 16% embedded with writing journals, eight percent are painters and six percent read novels during free time. The elder parents were asked to give messages to their younger ones. Most of the elders, 40% said study well and look after your parents, 30% giggled and said work hard and explore life, 16% wept and mentioned don’t hate other and be truthful to yourself first and the remaining 14% sobbed and said don’t get married but take care of your parents. These message implies that the previous life experiences of elderly is a preaching for young budding lives.

Table 3 Recreational Aspects

Details on Recreational Aspects		N=50 (Percent)
Type of Entertainment	Television watching	28 (56)
	Listening to Music	10(20)
	Listening to Radio	7(14)
	Reading	5(10)
Preferred programme in Television	Movie	28(56)
	Fond of serials	13(26)
	News	2(4)
	All the above	5 (10)
	None	2(4)
Preferred language during watching TV	Kannada	9(18)
	Tamil	4(8)
	Hindi	3(6)
	English	2(4)
	Telugu	2(4)
	Multi-language	30(60)
Preferred to go out for walk	Yes	27 (54)
Preferred to go out for walk	No	23 (46)
Morning exercise	Physical exercise	37 (74)
	Yoga and Meditation	5 (10)
	None	8 (16)
Prefer eating sponsored food	Yes	32 (64)
Prefer eating sponsored food	No	18 (36)
Prefer attending celebration from outside	Yes	12 (24)
Prefer attending celebration from outside	No	38 (76)
Prefer dancing during special occasions	Yes	13 (26)
Prefer dancing during special occasions	No	37 (74)
Prefer singing during special occasions	Yes	22 (44)
Prefer singing during special occasions	No	28 (56)

All the respondents have been very much active in the recreational aspects too. This is the only way to explore themselves and they could give self time to enjoy the moment. Recreation is a refreshment of strength, which is essential element of human biology and psychology. Recreation is often done for enjoyment, amusement or pleasure and are considered to be fun. In old age home, the older adults have their ways of entertainment. Among the total, 56% informants prefer watching TV. In the home there are three different flat TVs are available which have been sponsored by the donors. No restrictions were imposed, as these elderly could watch TV whenever they want to. Few of 20% and 10% respondents listen to music or any other event from different source such as movable radios, mobile phones respectively. The remaining 10% respondents preferred to read books, novels, fiction and non-fiction of their choices. The management have made a provision of small library of books for their own readers. All the respondents prefer watching TV, among them 56% prefer watching movies of different languages, 26% fond of different serials, four percent prefer watching news, 10% said in general, they prefer to watch all the above. The remaining four percent said they watch none. With regard to preferred language while watching TV, 60% respondents prefer multi languages, 18% said Kannada, eight percent mentioned Tamil, six percent opined Hindi, four percent each prefer English and Telugu languages while watching TV. The table further explains on physical health, such as morning walk and physical exercise. The inmates have been health conscious and many of them have maintained healthy physic. However, many go early morning walk i.e., 54%, as much as 74% respondents does physical exercise, 10% practice yoga and meditation. Further 64% prefer to eat sponsored food. Many outsiders would like to celebrate their birthdays, anniversaries and special occasions in the home along with elderly wishes. They also sponsor special food, quite often payment also done generously. Further the study gathered opinion on sponsors and sponsored food. Many elderly i.e., 64% prefer eating sponsored food, which is different from daily dose of food in old age home. With prior intimation, the Management receives eateries in view of birthday or marriage functions. Very often sponsors would also prefer to donate cash generously. During the celebration very few i.e., only 24% would like to be part, like wise 26% would like to dance during special occasions includes feasts and festivals, special celebrations held within the old age home and the remaining 44% prefer singing during the above said occasions.

Table 4 Cross tabulation between Gender and Overall satisfaction

Overall Satisfaction / N = 50 (Percent)				Value	Chi-square
Gender	Satisfied	Fully satisfied	Very much satisfied	Value	Chi-square
Female	13 (26)	2 (4)	3 (6)	5.426	.066
Male	30 (60)	0 (0)	2 (4)	df = 2	.066

Level of Significance: 0.05* and .0.001**

It is evident in the table 5, that more number of male (60%) opined they are satisfied compared to female (26%) respondents. Very few female respondents (4%) were fully satisfied and only six percent female and four percent male were very much satisfied during their stay in the old age home. Further the chi-square (.066) analysis reveals that there is no association between gender and life satisfaction.

DISCUSSION:

Studying socio-recreational aspects of elderly is as important as knowing about their present life in the alternative care. This would be an eye opener for young researchers to learn the life of elderly in alternative care. Most of the elderly opined that they wanted to have last breath in their own home rather being in institutional care as destitute. In the study most of the respondents were male (64%) inmates compared to their counterparts, female only 36% respondents, which is contradictory to the study by Yesuraja, (2012) revealed that 67% female and 33% male respondents. It is assumed that as the age increases the tendency of throwing out of the family also seen high in the study i.e., 38% inmates were forcefully sent to alternative care when they were at the age of 71 to 80yrs which is in contradictory to the research study that only 2.6% were between 66 and above years (Abirami and Kanaga, 2012), in another study 66.7% were between 66 to 70yrs of age (Uma and Bhuvaneswari, 2012) and Thomas and Nagaraja, (2012) study also found out 35% were between 76 and above years. All these result reflects that as age increases the tendency of throwing out among much older adults in the city is on the increase. In the study a majority of 92% respondents hailed from urban areas, which is in consistent with Uma and Bhuvaneswari (2012) study found 80.8% respondents from Urban areas.

In the study 88% respondents from nuclear family, wherein in other study 36% percent from nuclear family (Abirami and Kanaga, 2012), in Yesuraj’s (2012) study 68% respondents from nuclear family, in Uma and Bhuvaneswari, (2012) study, 55.8% were from nuclear families and in Thomas and Nagaraja, (2012) found out 61.5% from nuclear family. All these details on family type replicate that the tendency of throwing elderly from family life is more among nuclear families. However many researchers stressed on the importance of Joint family and its advantages to cater to meeting the needs of young as well as elderly persons in the family. With regard to education, 40% respondents studied up to higher primary education in the present study, while similar results were found in Thomas and Nagaraja, (2012) study found 46.5% respondents studied up to middle school education.

It seems that a majority of 78% were married in the study, similar results were found out in other study i.e., 98% were married respondents (Abirami and Kanaga, 2012), further in Yesuraj’s (2012) study found 74% married respondents, in another study conducted by Thomas and Nagaraja, (2012), brought out 45.5% respondents were married. From the data it is presumed that transfer of elderly towards alternative care is high among elderly who have been married too. With regard to admission to the home, 78% admitted to the home between the year 2013-18, which also depicts that the elderly had an experience of 0-5yrs, the result is consistent with Yesuraj (2012) study that more than 55% respondents lived in old age home between 0 to 4 years, Thomas and Nagaraja, (2012) study found that 48.5% respondents lived in institution since 2 to 6years. This data disclose that during the recent past years the shifting of elderly to the alternative care is on the rise.

The study depicts that before admission to alternative care, as many as 28% respondents were self employed, where in only 18% of them were unemployed, because few of them were physically handicapped, drunkards, undergone paralysis. Less than half of 46% respondents were accompanied during admission by own family members, 28% were referred by Church Priest, 24% friends referred the respondents to the home and the remaining two percent respondents were referred by auto drivers.

The Social aspects of elderly in old age home reveals that a majority of 84% respondents live alone in old age home, this includes unmarried respondents, abandoned, destitute, thrown out, physically handicapped, suffering from paralysis and drunkards. To overcome their previous years sorrows many respondents interact with inmates, does prayer, engage in one or the other work, few of them keep away from others, and very few of them trained in stitching and engage in same from which they drew happiness. Many respondents prefer place to spend free time in the old age home i.e., prayer hall followed by their respective rooms. The respondents were of the opinion that they are fond of tasty and hygienic food prepared with utmost love and care in the old age home. Many of them love to eat almost all types of food. The elderly are said to be very much cautious and conscious about their health is concerned. Not only they eat food but also they tend to control their diet pattern, however they do physical exercise, little hard work, waived out bad habits and does prayer to keep their health healthily. All the respondents had certain types of skills and it has been continued to render their services in the old age home too. Many respondents would like to be part of cooking, crafts making, writing journals, painting and novel reading. During the interview respondents were asked to give messages to their successors, where they were responded without hesitation. In fact they said that study well and look after your parents, work hard and explore life, don’t hate others and be truthful and finally with out dithering they said don’t get married, but take care of your parents. These message depicts the hardship that they had under gone during their life time.

Recreation is part of life. Recreation is helpful in getting out of misery, derive fun, enjoyment and ease. In old age home more than half of the respondents are dependent upon recreation from different point of view. More than half of respondents watch TV, followed by prefer watching movie of multiple languages. It is evident that as many as 56% respondents prefer all type of food. The respondents are cautious about their diet is concerned (30%), they undergo physical exercise (18%), preferred hard work (6%) and suggested to be equipped with good habits rather bad habits. The respondents also showed their fondness on eatables, that as many as 36% respondents prefer eating rice items as part of their meals, where in only eight percent respondents prefer eating non-vegetarian items as part of their eateries. All the respondents have been engaged in one or the other work to maintain healthy fitness during their stay. Along the side, the elderly even prefer morning walk, physical exercise, practice yoga and meditation for balanced health. With regard to sponsored food, as many as 64% preferred eating sponsored food. During the interview it was found that many respondents do not want to be part of celebration from outside. Because due to celebration, these elderly would tend to get back to their previous life experiences, they also recall their own family members, which would further bring psychological disturbances in them. On the other hand, many outsiders would like to celebrate their birthdays, anniversaries and special occasions in the home along with elderly wishes. The outsiders also sponsor special food, quite often charity such as donations also done generously. Majority 76% respondents do not prefer to attend celebration from outside.

It is evident that more number of male (60%) opined they are satisfied being in institution compared to female (26%) respondents. Very few respondents were fully satisfied and only six percent female and four percent male were very much satisfied during their stay in the old age home. It is obvious that the elderly has to have a satisfaction because they do not have any other type of care by their own family except Little Sister’s of poor home. However the sisters in the home are rendering complete quality care, affection and showers love to these inmates without any type of expectations from them and it is completely a humanitarian approach.

SUGGESTIONS:

· From the study it is found that the elderly have been neglected by their own family members. Hence there is a need to create awareness for youngsters in taking care of their own parents. Therefore mass media can be used to insist on the moral values among present generation.

· With a view to erase a feeling of isolation among old age persons periodical picnic trips can be arranged.

· The aged need love and care from all the people especially from family members. Hence there is a need to educate the family members on problems of the aged.

· Placement of MSW trainees to these institutions for field work, will get an exposure of elderly living.

CONCLUSION:

To conclude old age is the last stage of life span. This stage to be enjoyed, recalled previous experiences, storytelling stage to grand children along with their own children rather making them apart. Hence it is the bound duty of all children to be serious and act as sensible and responsible children to take care of their own parents, rather letting them to be in old age home as destitute. Let this age proliferate with ease, joy and happiness, peaceful with their own biological families.

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Received on 21.04.2019 Modified on 20.05.2019

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2019; 10(3):853-860.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00140.2